Explaining Sustainable Performance With SEM–FsQCA: The Role of Traceability Systems, Knowledge Management, Halal SCM Practices, and Spiritual Leadership in Small–Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

This article investigates the interconnections within halal supply chain management (HSCM), traceability systems, knowledge management (KM), and sustainability outcomes in Indonesian small- and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) specializing in halal products. Employing structural equation modeling and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (FsQCA) with 171 respondents, the article uncovers that HSCM practices positively impact sustainable performance (SP), aligning with Muslim consumer expectations and addressing environmental and social concerns. The results found that spiritual leadership does not moderate the relationship between HSCM practices and SP, while traceability systems play a crucial role by positively influencing HSCM and indirectly affecting SP through the identification and mitigation of unsafe products. Although KM alone does not directly impact SP, its positive influence on HSCM improves overall supply chain management. Moreover, HSCM serves as a mediator between KM and SP. Building on these connections, FsQCA identifies specific factor combinations consistently leading to desired outcomes, offering valuable insights into the intricate dynamics among HSCM practices, traceability systems, KM, and SP in SMEs.