Exploring Synchronous and Asynchronous Technological Applications and Challenges in Online English Language Classrooms in Indonesia and Thailand

This research explores synchronous and asynchronous technological applications used and challenges experienced by teachers and students Indonesia and Thailand, especially in online English language classrooms. This research employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, selecting 47 research papers published between 2020-2022 from Google Scholar and Scopus database. The results show that, in Indonesia, teachers and students used applications like Google Meet, Zoom, Microsoft Team, Cisco WebEx, Discord, GoToMeeting, FreeConference, YouTube Live Streaming, and Skype for synchronous online leaning and WhatsApp, Moodle, YouTube, Powtoon, Screen O’Matic, Instagram, Kahoot, Quizzes, Google Form, BeeSmart, Schoology, Autodesk SketchBook, TED-Ed, FastStone Capture, Ruang Guru Edmodo, Telegram, Spada. And OmegaT for asynchronous online learning. Meanwhile, in Thailand, they utilized Google Meet, Zoom, Microsoft Team, and Facebook Live for synchronous online learning and Google Doc, Google Form, Socrative, Facebook, Instagram, Line, Twitter, YouTube, Kahoot, Quizzes, Quizlet, Quizlet for asynchronous online learning. They also faced several challenges such as unstable internet connection, lack of technological literacy, incompatible gadgets, unconducive learning environment, limited participation, work overload, academic misconduct, and poor time management. The results can be used by relevant stakeholders to help incorporate synchronous and asynchronous online learning and prepare for future learning.