Enhancing Subway Efficiency on Y-Shaped Lines: A Dynamic Scheduling Model for Virtual Coupling Train Control

A novel approach based on virtual coupling of train control systems in subway lines has the potential to enhance transportation efficiency. Y-shaped lines have proven to be valuable in improving efficiency, and the rational application of the virtual coupling strategy on these lines can help to alleviate passenger flow pressure. However, train operations can be affected by uncertain disturbances that require real-time adjustments. Due to the complexity of train scheduling on Y-shaped lines, delays may be difficult to manage if they are scheduled according to a single timetable. In this paper, we propose a flexible adjustment of the planned schedule on Y-shaped lines, which considers the switching sequence of turnouts while ensuring safety. We present a mixed-integer programming (MIP) model that optimizes the total train delays, number of stranded passengers, and passenger waiting time. The simulation results demonstrate that our model effectively improves train punctuality while reducing stranded passengers and passenger waiting time.