Five-layer IoT and Fog Computing Framework Towards Digital Twinning of Battery Management Systems for e-Transportation

It is needless to mention that the proven capability of cloud computing and digital twin-based monitoring and control systems will play a major role in the implementation of digital twin-based lithium-ion battery management systems (BMS) for e-transportation. In this context, the combination of the Internet of Things (IoT) and fog computing emerges as an enabling technology that facilitates bidirectional data communication and processing. This paper proposes a five-layer IoT framework for the implementation of cloud-based battery monitoring and BMS. Additionally, it critically analyzes the existing IoT frameworks applied to BMS and justifies the suitability of the five-layer architecture. Furthermore, the advantages of fog computing, such as low latency, fault tolerance, limitless systems, multiple applications, and shared responsibility, are discussed. The paper also explores four previously proposed computing-enabled architectures: centralized, hybrid, distributed, and hybrid-distributed computing. Moreover, the potential of utilizing hybrid computing architectures, incorporating fog computing as a supplement to cloud computing, is highlighted to address fault, privacy, or latency issues in cloud-based BMS.