X-Shard: Optimistic Cross-Shard Transaction Processing for Sharding-Based Blockchains

Recent advances in cryptocurrencies have sparked significant interest in blockchain technology. However, scalability issues remain a major challenge for wide adoption of blockchains. Sharding is a promising approach to scale blockchains, but existing sharding-based blockchains fail to achieve expected performance gains due to limitations in cross-shard transaction processing. In this paper, we propose X-shard, a blockchain system that optimizes cross-shard transaction processing, achieving high effective throughput and low processing latency. First, we allocate transactions to shards based on historical transaction patterns to minimize cross-shard transactions. Second, we take an optimistic strategy to process cross-shard transactions in parallel as sub-transactions within input shards, thereby accelerating transaction processing. Finally, we employ a cross-shard commit protocol with threshold signatures to reduce communication overhead. We implement and deploy X-shard on Amazon EC2 clusters. Experimental results validate our theoretical analysis and show that as the number of shards increases, X-shard achieves nearly linear scaling in effective throughput and decreases in transaction processing latency.