A Reward Based Charging and Discharging of EVs Using Stackelberg Game Model

The rapid increase in electric vehicle (EV) adoption has posed new challenges and opportunities for power grid management. Efficiently managing EVs’ charging and discharging operations can help in optimizing grid performance, ensuring stability, and maximizing the benefits for both grid operators and EV owners. In this study, we propose a Stackelberg game optimization model for the optimal management of EVs in a grid-connected system, considering the charging and discharging processes of the EVs. The leader represents the grid operator, while the followers are individual EV owners. The leader’s goal is to maximize the total discharging power provided by the EVs to the grid. In contrast, the followers aim to maximize their respective rewards, subject to constraints on charging and discharging rates and their state of charge (SOC). The proposed model is implemented using the Gurobi optimization solver, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach in finding the optimal charging and discharging operations for both the leader and the followers. This study contributes to the efficient management of EVs in power grids and provides a framework for balancing grid demands and maximizing the benefits for all stakeholders involved.