A Hierarchical Framework for Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Distributed Control Combining Peer-to-peer Blockchain with Systemic Scheduling

To achieve the carbon peak and neutrality target in China, the future electricity system will face the challenge of a high level of intermittent renewable energy, in which the energy storage will become the bottleneck. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is one of the most promising technologies to provide large-scale short-term energy storage with low cost. However, there is ‘trade-off’ between the global optimality and computational burden to schedule massive distributed vehicles. Additionally, the concern on battery degradation has become a critical obstacle for electric vehicle (EV) owners to participate in the vehicle-grid integration services, which is often ignored in existing scheduling methods. Therefore, a hierarchical framework is proposed in this work, using global optimization to allocate the energy consumption and supply boundaries at the upper level, and ‘self-organization’ by peer-to-peer energy trading among prosumers with blockchain to execute instant transactions at the regional lower level. The evolutionary game and double auction are applied for iteration. The characteristics of EV charging and travel are generated with real-world statistics, and the battery degradation is included in the social welfare function. The simulation example has verified the effectiveness of the proposed method, achieving 13.8% and 15.7% increase of the overall utility compared with the method without blockchain and disregarding battery degradation, respectively.