A Review on Electromagnetic, Acoustic, and New Emerging Technologies for Submarine Communication

The significance of the ocean in scientific research and military applications is growing, with submarines being pivotal for exploration and naval operations. However, the challenge of wireless communication with submerged submarines due to the strong absorption and scattering of electromagnetic waves in seawater limits their utility. This paper addresses the need for submarine communication methods characterized by speed, stability, cost-effectiveness, and long-range capabilities. It provides a comprehensive overview of current and potential future submarine communication techniques, including electromagnetic, acoustic, and optical methods, analyzing their performance in various channel complexities and discussing their advantages and drawbacks. Additionally, emerging technologies such as magnetic, translational acoustic-RF (TARF), photo/thermo-acoustic (PA/TA), neutrino, and quantum communication are explored, showing promise for the future of submarine communication systems. The upcoming generation of communication technology may establish a three-dimensional communication network connecting land-based stations, buoys, drones, satellites, and submarines to enhance the efficiency and reach of underwater communication.