Evaluation of User Interfaces for Cooperation Between Driver and Automated Driving System*

Cooperation between driver and vehicle automation can be utilized to overcome failures and problems of the automated system. Failures do not always indicate mandatory intervention scenarios but can be within the optional decision space and have a negative impact on user experience. In this paper, we evaluate one user interface (UI) based on a joystick and one based on a touchscreen that enable an increased degree of cooperation compared to state of the art UIs in automated vehicles. Both UIs allow users to adjust parameters and initiate as well as abort maneuvers of the vehicle motion within the optional space of action. In a driving simulator experiment, participants experienced the new concepts in comparison to a state of the art UI. Participants rated both newly developed concepts positively regarding usability and user experience. Overall, they preferred the novel concepts compared to the baseline interface. An objective evaluation of interaction issues and visual distraction revealed flaws that can be resolved by adapting the designs. Participants preferred an increased level of driver vehicle cooperation (DVC) and indicated a high intention to make use of it for optional interventions. The indicated usage intention decreased with increasing automation level.