Sentinel-1 SAR Imaging for Detection and Analysis of Oil Spills in the Coastal Waters of Bintan: A Case Study and Environmental Monitoring Application

Marine oil pollution is a significant issue that can harm the ecosystem and threaten marine life. Early detection of oil spills is crucial for effective response and mitigation. In this regard, satellite technology offers a promising solution, particularly satellites equipped with radar sensors. One such satellite that can be utilized is the Sentinel-1 Radar Satellite, which can detect oil spills in marine environments. This study used Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery to detect and assess oil spills in the coastal waters of Bintan, Indonesia. The high-resolution VV polarization data of Sentinel1 SAR enables the identification of surface roughness, making it suitable for distinguishing oil slicks on the ocean surface. Spectral comparison and a 1.7 to 2 dB threshold were applied to discriminate the oil spill objects. Wind speed estimation from the SAR images enhanced the accuracy of oil spill detection, with wind speeds ranging from 3 to 6 m/s proving suitable for discrimination. The results emphasize the necessity for ongoing surveillance and efficient management techniques to lessen the environmental effects of oil spills in Bintan’s coastal areas.