Robust Frequency-Shifting Based Control Amid False Data Injection Attacks for Interconnected Power Systems With Communication Delay

Communication delays and false data injection attacks pose significant threats to the frequency control of automatic generation systems. This article presents a Golden Jackal Optimizer (GJO)-enhanced frequency-shifted internal model control (FIMC) scheme aimed at addressing these challenges in a dual-area thermal power system. The FIMC approach employs a pole and zero shifting variable that acts as a system robustness indicator. The article determines an analytical search range for this variable using the Routh-Hurwitz criteria, which were later utilized by GJO. The robustness and performance of the GJO-tuned FIMC are tested against random and step load disturbances, as well as system nonlinearities. The article models various false data injection threats, assessing the effectiveness of the GJO-tuned FIMC in neutralizing these threats under inherent communication delays. Finally, the proposed strategy is verified in real-time through hardware, employing the OPAL-RT platform. The results are compared with a recent strategy, underscoring the advanced efficacy of the proposed approach.