A Systematic Review of Optimal and Practical Methods in Design, Construction, Control, Energy Management and Operation of Smart Greenhouses

In an era characterized by severe climate change, dwindling resources, and a growing world population, the agricultural industry is facing unprecedented challenges. On the other hand, overuse of natural resources has emerged as a major concern worldwide. Greenhouses (GHs) have been developed as central environments capable of growing a diverse range of high-quality agricultural products throughout the year, regardless of external weather conditions. However, conventional GHs often impose significant costs on energy resources for their heating and cooling operations, thus presenting sustainability challenges. To address these pressing concerns, using new smart technologies as well as the integration and development of renewable energy sources, including photovoltaics (PVs), wind turbines (WT), and geothermal systems, have gained momentum. This integration not only increases the ecological footprint of GHs but also reduces their dependence on conventional energy sources. Furthermore, the adoption of smart GH technologies, characterized by advanced control and automation systems, holds significant promise in energy optimization and efficiency. Hence, this systematic review attempts to carefully examine the optimal and practical methods that include the design, fabrication, control, energy management, and operation of smart GHs. This review includes an in-depth analysis of GH structures, building materials, cooling and heating systems, new dark GH concepts, and smart lighting systems. In addition, it addresses effective strategies to curb energy consumption in smart GHs. By synthesizing and synthesizing existing research and practical experiences, this paper seeks to provide valuable insights and recommendations to facilitate the efficient and sustainable design, construction, and operation of smart GHs. Ultimately, this work aims to promote resource-efficient and environmentally conscious practices in the agricultural energy sector.