Semisupervised Representation Contrastive Learning for Massive MIMO Fingerprint Positioning

Wireless positioning is crucial for Internet of Things (IoT) landscape, enhancing precision and reliability in location-based services. This article addresses the challenges of existing massive multiple-input–multiple-output fingerprint positioning methods, which typically require accurate channel estimation and one-by-one labeled data sets. We propose a semisupervised representation contrastive learning technique that leverages a partially labeled received pilot signal data set readily available from the base station. Our approach employs data augmentation to generate a large number of positive and negative sample pairs, which are then used to pretrain an encoder with a contrastive loss function in the self-supervision way. During pretraining, the encoder learns to encode positive samples close to an anchor, while keeping negative samples far away in the representation space. A fully connected layer is added on top of the encoder for position regression, and the encoder and regression networks are fine-tuned with a small labeled subdataset for the downstream positioning task. Simulation results demonstrate that our pretraining and fine-tuning approach outperforms the previous methods, significantly improving positioning accuracy, avoiding exact channel estimation and achieving labeling efficiency.