Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Distribution According to The Total Motor Vehicles in East Java

Unclean air can be caused by the presence of polluting gases or particulates mixed with the air. One of the major air pollutants is Carbon Monoxide (CO), which can cause an adverse impact on humans and the environment. Fossil fuels (e.g., oil and coal) from transportation propulsion machines contribute as the primary source of CO. Geospatial information sciences can be applied to identify CO distribution to anticipate the increases in its concentration. The current study used Sentinel-5P satellite imagery to monitor CO. Sentinel-5P satellite provides information on CO distribution, thus supporting CO monitoring without going to the field. The Google Earth Engine algorithm was applied to process the Sentinel-5P images. This research was conducted in the East Java Province, Indonesia, from 2019 to 2022. The results of this study were several maps product of CO distribution in every month and year in the study area. The study showed that CO concentration experienced an increase in 2020, while in 2021 and 2022, CO concentration decreased. This was probably due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused CO concentration in East Java to be 0. 028 mol/$\mathrm{m}^{2}$, categorized as a medium. Mojokerto City had the highest CO concentration, and Batu City had the lowest concentration all year around during the study period. Pearson correlation between CO concentration and the number of motor vehicles was approximately 0.203 (weak). However, the Pearson correlation coefficient might increase if measured locally in each central city in East Java.