Automation and Artificial Intelligence Technology in Surface Mining: A Brief Introduction to Open-Pit Operations in the Pilbara

This survey article provides a synopsis of some of the engineering problems, technological innovations, robotic development, and automation efforts encountered in the mining industry, particularly in the Pilbara iron ore region of Western Australia. The goal is to paint the technology landscape and highlight issues relevant to an engineering audience to raise awareness of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation trends in mining. It assumes the reader has no prior knowledge of mining and builds context gradually through focused discussion and short summaries of common open-pit mining operations. The principal activities that take place may be categorized in terms of resource development and mine, rail, and port operations (Figure 1). From mineral exploration to ore shipment, there are roughly nine steps in between (Figure 2). These include geological assessment, mine planning and development, production drilling and assaying, blasting and excavation, transportation of ore and waste, crushing and screening, stockpiling and loading out, rail network distribution, and ore car dumping. The objective is to describe these processes and provide insights on some of the challenges/opportunities from the perspective of a decade-long industry–university R&D partnership.