An Empirical Study on the Insecurity of End-of-Life (EoL) IoT Devices

Researchers actively work on the security of Internet of Things (IoT) devices when IoT devices become popular. However, previous works ignore the insecurity about a special category of devices, i.e., the end-of-life (EoL) devices. Once a product becomes EoL, vendors no longer maintain its firmware, which makes it susceptible to attacks. In this article, we conduct the first empirical study to shed light on the (in)security of EoL devices. Our study performs two types of analysis, including the
liveness analysis
and the
vulnerability analysis
. The first one aims to detect the scale of EoL devices that are still alive in the wild in the long term. The second one is to evaluate the vulnerabilities existing in (active) EoL devices. We analyzed 894 EoL models from three vendors (i.e.,
D-Link
,
Tp-Link
, and
Netgear
) for more than
two years
. Our study reveals some worrisome facts that were unknown by the community. There exist more than three million active EoL devices, while more than one million of them have been alive for more than five years. Furthermore, more than half of the vulnerabilities are discovered after the EoL date. Although vendors may release security patches after the EoL date, the process is ad hoc and incomplete, with limited functionality. In summary, more than three million active EoL devices are vulnerable, and nearly half of them are threatened by high-risk vulnerabilities. By compromising EoL devices, attackers can achieve a minimum of 8.67 Tbps DDoS attack.