The Study on Time Pressure-based Model for the Fire Evacuation Simulations

The study on pedestrian behavior during fires is essential to effectively reduce casualties caused by such incidents. However, existing models have ignored the psychological impact of fires on pedestrians. To address this issue, this study proposes a fire evacuation model founded on time pressure. In this study, an algorithm is developed to calculate the time pressure (TP) experienced by pedestrians based on each pedestrian's available safe evacuation time (ASET) and required safe evacuation time (RSET). In addition, the TP-based update sequence and speed variance methods are developed. We analysed the distribution of TP for pedestrians and the effect of fire scenario coefficients on evacuation process. As the evacuation time increases, the TP exhibits a distinctive “bimodal” pattern. The findings provide the valuable guidance for building design and the formulation of emergency evacuation strategies.