Critical Review of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Topologies: Communication, Power Flow Characteristics, Challenges, and Opportunities

The rise in demand for energy storage solutions and the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) have given rise to the creation of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) topologies. V2X technology enables communication and power flow between EVs, the grid, homes, buildings, and other loads. This paper provides an acute review of V2X topologies, including the communication and power flow between EVs and the grid, homes, vehicles, and loads. The different types of V2X communication, including IEEE standards, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), ISO standards, Wi-Fi, and Internet of Things (IoT)-based protocols, are discussed, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for the adoption of V2X topologies are presented.