Flexible Scheduling of the Electric–Hydrogen Coupling System Based on EV–HFEV Mixed Traffic Flow

With the popularization of renewable energy and widespread use of electric vehicles (EVs) and hydrogen fuel energy vehicles (HFEVs), the coupling between renewable energy and urban transportation systems (UTSs) and power distribution grids is deepening, and the impact of large-scale HFEV deployment on power distribution networks (PDNs) is increasing. A spatiotemporal model of the impact on the urban distribution network in the case of large-scale access to EVs and HFEVs was established in this article. Based on the simulation of EV and HFEV travel paths, a spatiotemporal model of the UTS electric load was obtained. In addition, distributed hydrogen refueling stations were modeled, including electrolyzers and hydrogen storage stations. To achieve low-cost operation of the integrated energy system, a cost optimization model based on the integration of electricity, hydrogen, transportation, and natural gas was proposed. Finally, based on operational data of the integrated system, the simultaneous integration of EVs and HFEVs into the comprehensive urban energy system was simulated, and numerical analysis was performed. The results showed that when EVs and HFEVs were connected to the comprehensive urban energy system in different proportions, they could exert different impacts on the system, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed model.