An Investigation of the Most Effective Ways for Cluster Sensors to Save Energy in Underwater Networks

Submarine WSNs are currently engaged in extensive research in a new setting for the benefit of people. UWSNs are regarded as one of the fastest-growing technical domains due to the many advantages of their application, like wildfire, healthcare, etc. UWSNs rely on the acoustic link as a means of communication and are comprised of low-power underwater sensors. Opportunities for underwater research utilizing sensors of varying depths have arisen thanks to recent technological developments. However, this article outlines the essential requirements of UWSNs to achieve essential services. With the advancement of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), various nautical activities may be carried out with remarkable efficiency. High propagation latency, high energy consumption, poor bandwidth, and low throughput are all characteristics of the routing protocols used in UWSNs, which constitute a significant drawback compared to their terrestrial counterparts. Unattended wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) can be set up in inaccessible places yet function normally. The batteries used by most sensors are extremely power-hungry and hard to swap out. Uneven use of energy resources is a significant barrier in UWSNs because it reduces network lifespan. To solve these issues, a routing method that conserves energy is required. The majority of these efforts have focused on developing energy-efficient routing protocols that can swiftly and reliably transport data packets from their point of origin to their final destination. This study analyzes and compares the many energy-efficient routing protocols that may be used in UWSNs, classifying them into a new taxonomy. Finally, we outline several unanswered questions and obstacles for further study.