Stacking Grid and System Services by Multi-Use Operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) can serve multiple applications, making them a promising technology for sustainable energy systems. However, high investment costs are still limiting their expansion. The fact that only some primary applications can generate appropriate revenue impedes faster growth. Therefore, multi-use operation with stacked applications can increase investment attractiveness by unlocking new value streams. Furthermore, the emerging flexibility potential of BESSs is relevant for system operators since existing flexibility options are gradually being removed. They must balance generation and supply while managing grid utilization. Therefore, this paper evaluates the use of existing BESSs in grid and system services. Specifically, we design and deploy stacked applications, taking into account the existing primary applications for BESSs in conjunction with grid and system services.