Distributed optimal dispatch of smart multi-agent energy hubs based on consensus algorithm considering lossy communication network and uncertainty

This paper proposes an IoT-Fog-Cloud distributed consensus algorithm for solving the energy hub (EH) dispatch problem with packet-dropping communication links and some of the EH elements' uncertainties. Every generating and consumption unit in this algorithm is required to estimate the total power generated, the total load, and the power mismatches. Energy node coordination is accomplished using a distributed approach. Such a distributed approach wins in work sharing, enduring a single link failure, effective decision-making, the quickest convergence, and autonomy for the global power nodes. The method works with all grid types in connected and islanded modes. Minimizing total operation cost and emissions while meeting the total demand and system constraints are the most crucial contributions of this paper. Two case studies are applied to explain the performance and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm with different packet loss scenarios. Under uncertainty, the sensitivity of the system was evaluated. The results show that the mismatch between the generated and consumed power is improved by 100% in the electricity grid, 99.94% in the heating grid, and 99.91% in the gas grid. Also, total operating cost, total emissions, and emissions cost decreased by 8.6%, 13.48%, and 18.73%, respectively.