Comprehensive Transition Plan for Battery-Electric Bus Fleets Considering Utility Constraints

Public transportation electrification is gaining significant traction due to its substantial positive environmental impact. However, the introduction of new electric fleets imposes a considerable additional load on the electrical system, creating a unique challenge that incorporates the interests of both transit agencies (TAs) and electric utilities. To address this issue, this article proposes a novel dynamic approach for battery electric bus (BEB) fleet transitioning that integrates the viewpoints of both stakeholders. The proposed approach consists of several stages; the input stage determines the optimal depot location, the optimal fleet, and charging sizing while determining the charging schedules and route assignment. Subsequently, the detailed transition stage aims to minimize the net present value for purchase decisions, resulting in an optimal transition plan. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, a transit system comprising four short-distance routes is examined, considering two charging modes: overnight and opportunity charging. Additionally, to display the flexibility, scalability, and adaptability of this model four long-distance routes are also examined. The results highlight the efficacy of the proposed approach in achieving electrification targets while considering the limitations of the distribution system. Furthermore, the approach ensures the continuity of service for the TA. In conclusion, this article presents a comprehensive and integrated fleet transition plan, encompassing the perspectives of TAs and electric utilities. By applying this approach, transit systems can make optimal purchasing decisions over a long-term planning horizon, facilitate electrification and environmental targets, and maintain seamless transit operation, while respecting the constraints of the distribution system.