Grid-Forming and Spatially Distributed Control Design of Dynamic Virtual Power Plants

We present a novel grid-forming control design approach for dynamic virtual power plants (DVPP). We consider a group of heterogeneous grid-forming distributed energy resources (DER) which collectively provide desired dynamic ancillary services, such as fast frequency and voltage control. To achieve that, we study the nontrivial aggregation of grid-forming DERs to establish the DVPP, and employ an adaptive divide-and-conquer strategy that disaggregates the desired control specifications of the aggregate DVPP via adaptive dynamic participation factors to obtain local desired behaviors of each DER. We then design local controllers at the DER level to realize these local desired behaviors. In the process, physical and engineered limits of each DER are taken into account. We extend the proposed approach to make it also compatible with grid-following DER controls, thereby establishing the concept of so-called hybrid DVPPs. Furthermore, we generalize the DVPP design to spatially dispersed DER locations in power grids with different voltage levels and
$R/X$
ratios. Finally, the DVPP control performance is verified via numerical case studies in the IEEE nine-bus transmission grid with an interconnected medium voltage distribution grid.