A Holistic Review on E-Mobility Service Optimization: Challenges, Recent Progress, and Future Directions

In recent years, countries around the world have paid great attention to the development of transportation electrification. As an alternative to achieving carbon neutrality, electric vehicles (EVs) are deemed as the goal of vehicle transformation to achieve zero carbon emissions. However, the challenges of EV energy supplementation have not been adequately investigated, causing concerns about range anxiety, inconvenience of perceived charging service, and so on. By identifying stakeholders and investigating various services under the umbrella of electro-mobility (E-Mobility) services, this article first introduces the concept, population, and challenges of EVs as the key enabler of E-Mobility and then summarizes recent E-Mobility services with holistic insight. Then, overviews of plug-in charging, battery swapping, vehicle-to-vehicle charging, and mobile and wireless charging are introduced, including the objectives, risks, and service optimization categories. Further to the literature review, concern on identifying the gap between academia and industry application is also provided to help coach the technology transformation. From our review, it is observed that flexible and emerging service modes beyond plug-in charging have been receiving great attention from both academia and industry. Therefore, several recent market efforts have been showcased, by following the summarization of mainstream optimization methods applied for E-Mobility services. Finally, this article is concluded with several future direction highlights, including integration of multienergy sources, concern on cybersecurity, application of artificial intelligence (AI), and promotion of global policy to guide wide communities.