Challenges in Rendering Arabic Text to English Using Machine Translation: A Systematic Literature Review

The Arabic text can be translated into English using a variety of machine translation techniques. The translation of Arabic text into English still poses a number of challenges in contemporary Arabic. To identify these challenges that encounter while translating Arabic text into English using machine translation, a systematic literature review (SLR) approach is used. The SLR steps—protocol creation, first and final selection, quality assessment, data extraction and synthesis—are used. Nineteen challenges are reported during the SLR process based on fifty-six research papers. The four most important problems are carefully examined, and the possible solutions of other researchers are discussed. Word sense disambiguation, Arabic named entity, rich and complex morphology and low resource are the four critical challenges during rendering Arabic text to English text. Other challenges are also reported in this article.