WebAssembly Beyond the Web: A Review for the Edge-Cloud Continuum

The cloud computing environment has changed over the past years, transitioning from a centralized architecture including big data centers to a dispersed and heterogeneous architecture that incorporates edge followed by device and processing units. This transformation calls for a cross-platform, interoperable solution, a feature that WebAssembly (Wasm) offers. Wasm can be used as a compact and effective representation of server-less functions or micro-services deployment at the cloud edge. In heterogeneous edge settings, where various hardware and software systems might be employed, this is especially crucial. Developers can create applications that can operate on any Wasm-compatible device without spending time worrying about platform-specific challenges by using a common runtime environment.In this survey, we indicate the main challenges and opportunities for Wasm runtimes in the edge-cloud continuum, such as performance optimisation, security, and interoperability with other programming languages and platforms. We provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of Wasm outside the web, including possible standardization efforts and best practices for using these runtimes, thus serving as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the field.