A Survey of Teleoperation: Driving Feedback

Teleoperation can be regarded as an effective backup system for self-driving vehicles, which could take over vehicle control in some special scenarios that the automated vehicles could not handle. However, there are still many challenges in teleoperation, such as low situation awareness. This could potentially be dangerous in some extreme situations. However, it could be effectively improved by providing suitable driving feedbacks. Hence, this article provides a timely and comprehensive review of existing and possible driving feedback techniques in teleoperation. They are presented from the point of view of video feedback, steering force feedback, motion-cueing feedback, audio and vibration feedback, and other non-conventional feedback modes. Then, the current challenges, future trends and opportunities in teleoperation are presented and discussed.