The Effect of PEMFC on Power Grid Using Advanced Equilibrium Optimizer and Particle Swarm Optimisation for Voltage Sag Mitigation

Due to the integration of various distributed generation resources into power systems, in particular, the integration of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), the electrical power grid (EPG) becomes more comprehensive and has power quality (PQ) issues like voltage/current unbalance, harmonics, voltage sag, etc. The issue of voltage sag arises from sudden changes in the EPG operating conditions. In this paper, the Advanced Equilibrium Optimizer (AEO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are proposed as solutions for EPG disturbance in partially voltage sag issues caused by three fault scenarios: single line-to-ground faults (SLGF), double line-to-ground faults (DLGF), and three line-to-ground faults (TLGF). Both of proposed controllers are set up by applying AEO and PSO, and their preponderances are demonstrated by comparison with a conventional PI controller. The simulink model of PEMFC-EPG interconnection system is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The results of PEMFC-EPG interconnection using AEO and PSO are impressive and persuasive in terms of the voltage sag elimination.