A Chopper-Stabilized Amplifier With a Relaxed Fill-In Technique and 22.6-pA Input Current

In chopper amplifiers, the interaction between the input signal and the chopper clock can cause intermodulation distortion (IMD). This is mainly due to finite amplifier bandwidth, which causes signal-dependent output spikes at the chopping transitions. Such chopper-induced IMD can be mitigated by the fill-in technique, which involves ping-ponging between the outputs of two identical OTAs chopped in quadrature, thus generating a spike-free output. In this letter, a relaxed implementation is proposed in which the output of a fill-in OTA is only briefly used to avoid the spikes of a chopped main OTA. As a result, the fill-in OTA does not need to be chopped, and so it can be duty-cycled to save power. Furthermore, the chopper ripple caused by the main OTA can now be suppressed by a single low-noise ripple-reduction loop, rather than the two AZ loops required in a previous ping-pong implementation of the fill-in technique. Compared to the latter, the proposed amplifier achieves similar IMD performance (−125.7 dB), a $25\times $ lower input current (22.6 pA), and a flat noise floor (12 nV/ $\surd $ Hz).