A Review of Privacy-Preserving Authentication Schemes for Future Internet of Vehicles

The Vehicle to Grid (V2G) network relationship is complex and contradictory in nature. For the grid to authenticate electric vehicles (EVs) and allow them to enter safely, they need a certain set of information that is personal to the EV. Unfortunately, as this information is often transmitted, it can be intercepted by unauthorized or malicious viewers, leaving EVs in a vulnerable position. In this paper, we explore existing solutions proposed in the literature to address these concerns. Authentication mechanisms are often combined with a key exchange between local aggregators (LAGs) and EVs, without the use of pseudonyms, to reduce the overhead associated with authentication. This scheme ensures anonymity, confidentiality, unlinkability, nonrepudiation, traceability, and revocation. Further, physical unclonable functions can be used to reduce the overhead of authentication. A three-layered infrastructure can also be used in which an EV only needs to authenticate once when entering a section of the grid. We conclude by providing a comparison of current works and making suggestions for further study to enhance the security of future electric vehicle transportation systems.