Accurate Urban Path Loss Models Including Diffuse Scatter

Standard ray tracing predictions are found to overpredict signal strength in "down the street" scenarios when compared against over 800 urban street measurements on 12 Manhattan streets, nominally Line of Sight (LOS) scenarios, by over 20 dB at 300 m. Use of Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD) formulas for around corner cases is found to underpredict signal strength in comparison to observations, with 7.8 dB RMS error. It is found that including effects of scatter from street clutter, such as vegetation and street poles results in simple path loss expressions with RMSE of 7.8 dB for down-street cases and 2.3 dB for around corner.