Circuit transposition using signal-flow graphs

This paper proves the circuit transposition theorem using signal-flow graphs (SFGs). The proof has two advantages: it is constructive, and it is intuitive for engineers who know SFGs. For these engineers, our technique makes it easy to derive the dual counterpart of any amplifier and enables them to transpose all linear circuits without resorting to the circuit transposition tables that were published in many other papers. Because the main purpose of this paper is to provide a tool for analog circuit analysis and design, the proof is written in tutorial style.