Scheduling of Electric Vehicle’s Power in V2G and G2V Modes Using an Improved Charge–Discharge Opportunity-Based Approach

With rise in the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs), challenges related to its charging infrastructure are also soaring. In the upcoming smart grid scenario with significant renewable energy sources and distributed generation, EVs have been identified as a key element for grid stability and its optimal operation, primarily due to energy storage capacity. With a large number of EVs in parking, it has huge potential with optimal scheduling. However, EV owners should have the motivation to participate in vehicle-to-grid (V2G). This article proposes a scheduling mechanism using a novel forward–backward energy allocation, based on an improved charge–discharge opportunity approach. The proposed method (PM) addresses the scheduling of power flow in EVs to operate in V2G and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) modes considering EV owners’ preferences, optimal cost, and low battery degradation. The implementation of the PM is facile and flexible with the vehicle’s time of arrival and departure. A 40- and 60 kWh battery capacity EVs with multiple real-life scenarios have been considered in this study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the PM. The performance and features of the PM have been compared with the existing methods to distinguish its benefits.