Estimation of Arctic Winter Snow Depth, Sea Ice Thickness and Bulk Density, and Ice Freeboard by Combining CryoSat-2, AVHRR, and AMSR Measurements

Information on snow depth on sea ice and bulk sea ice density is required to convert CryoSat-2 radar freeboard (
$F_{r}$
) into sea ice thickness (SIT). It is difficult to obtain their information on an Arctic basin scale; therefore, most CryoSat-2 SIT products largely rely on the distributions of snow depth and bulk sea ice density derived from parameterizations, which are based on sea ice type and climatological values. Several observational studies have found that the distributions of parameterized variables are inaccurate compared to the actual distributions. This study aims to develop a new type of retrieval algorithm for snow depth, SIT and bulk density, and ice freeboard in the Arctic winter by synergizing active CryoSat-2 with passive microwave and infrared measurements. Two parameterizations for the snow–ice thickness ratio and bulk sea ice density were combined with the hydrostatic balance and radar wave speed correction equations. Consequently, solutions for the four target variables were obtained and applied to different CryoSat-
$2~F_{r}$
, derived from empirical and waveform-fitting (WF) retracker algorithms. The retrieved thickness-related parameters based on
$F_{r}$
from the Lognormal WF retracker algorithm showed good agreement with the airborne snow depth, total freeboard, and mooring ice draft measurements. The retrieved multiyear sea ice bulk density was significantly higher than the value of 882 kg
$\cdot ~\text{m}^{-3}$
, which was used in the previous density parameterization, showing a higher agreement with values from in situ measurements. The spatial and interannual variabilities of SIT increased when the results from this study were compared with those based on previous parameterizations.