Distributed Learning Over a Wireless Network With Non-Coherent Majority Vote Computation

In this study, we propose an over-the-air computation (OAC) scheme to calculate the majority vote (MV) for federated edge learning (FEEL). With the proposed approach, edge devices (EDs) transmit the signs of local stochastic gradients, i.e., votes, by activating one of two orthogonal resources. The MVs at the edge server (ES) are obtained with non-coherent detectors by exploiting the accumulations on the resources. Hence, the proposed scheme eliminates the need for channel state information (CSI) at the EDs and ES. In this study, we analyze various gradient-encoding strategies through the weight functions and waveform configurations over orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). We show that specific weight functions that enable absentee EDs (i.e., hard-coded participation with absentees (HPA)) or weighted votes (i.e., soft-coded participation (SP)) can substantially reduce the probability of detecting the incorrect MV. By taking path loss, power control, cell size, and fading channel into account, we prove the convergence of the distributed learning for a non-convex function for HPA. Through simulations, we show that the proposed scheme with HPA and SP can provide high test accuracy even when the time-synchronization and the power control are not ideal under heterogeneous data distribution scenarios.