On-road projection symbols for future vehicles: A survey study for Chinese roads

The automotive industry offers a variety of external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) for autonomous vehicles (AVs), as cars now need to be driven more safely and so-called eHMIs can be used to compensate for the lack of human communication in cars. Various designs have been proposed by industry and academia, but there seems to be no consensus on which type of eHMI should be used.Here,we examine the topics of images, video, text, etc. The focus of this study is on the concept of eHMI: road image projection for DMD-based lighting systems from the automotive industry.Based on the findings of the literature, we tried to design a comprehensive, transferable and simple projection notation that would meet all current standards of automotive manufacturers.These eHMI projection symbols were presented to Chinese drivers to solicit their views on these symbols.In the survey, respondents lied about the clarity of the 12 images, videos and drawings provided by the automotive industry. According to the results of the survey, the Chinese prefer simple projections without complex patterns in them. These efforts are very valuable for industry and scientific research.