Measurement of HF monopole antenna array ground wave gain, antenna factor, and antenna noise factor

This paper presents a practical way to measure the ground wave gain G/sub GW/, ground wave antenna factor AF/sub GW/, and antenna noise factor F/sub a/(Mon) of monopoles used in BF antenna arrays. It shows measurement results taken from June 1997 to September 1999 at five geographically separated HIT arrays. F/sub a/(Mon) is derived from site specific noise electric field E/sub n/ and can be compared with "standard" F/sub a/(*). While antenna noise factor is antenna dependent, E/sub n/ is not and can be used as a limit for site EMC with noise emitters.