Control and Communication Protocols Based on Packetized Direct Load Control in Smart Building Microgrids

Recent communication, computation, and technology advances coupled with climate change concerns have transformed the near future prospects of electricity transmission, and, more notably, distribution systems and microgrids. Distributed resources (wind and solar generation, combined heat and power) and flexible loads (storage, computing, EV, HVAC) make it imperative to increase investment and improve operational efficiency. Commercial and residential buildings, being the largest energy consumption group among flexible loads in microgrids, have the largest potential and flexibility to provide demand-side management. Recent advances in networked systems and the anticipated breakthroughs of the Internet of Things will enable significant advances in demand-response capabilities of intelligent load networks of power-consuming devices such as HVAC components, water heaters, EV charging stations, and many more. In this paper, a new operating framework, called packetized direct load control (PDLC), is proposed based on the notion of quantization of energy demand. This control protocol is built on top of two communication protocols that carry either complete or binary information regarding the operation status of appliances. We discuss the optimal demand-side operation for both protocols and analytically derive the performance differences between the protocols. We propose an optimal reservation strategy for traditional and renewable energy for the PDLC in both day-ahead and real-time markets. At the end of the paper, we discuss the fundamental tradeoff between achieving controllability and endowing consumer choice and flexibility.