Distributed regulation allocation with aggregator coordinated electric vehicles

Electric vehicles (EVs) are promising alternatives to provide ancillary services in future smart energy systems. In this paper, we consider an aggregator-EVs system providing regulation service to a power grid. To allocate regulation amount among EVs, we present both synchronous and asynchronous distributed algorithms, which align each EV's interest with the system's benefit. Compared with previous works, our algorithms accommodate a more realistic model of the aggregator-EVs system, in which EV battery degradation cost, EV charging/discharging inefficiency, EV energy gain/loss, the cost of external energy sources, and potential asynchronous communication between the aggregator and each EV are taken into account.We give sufficient conditions under which the proposed algorithms generate the optimal regulation amounts. Simulations are shown to validate our theoretical results.