Highly reliable solid-state drives (SSDs) with error-prediction LDPC (EP-LDPC) architecture and error-recovery scheme

11-times extended lifetime, 76% reduced error SSD is proposed. The error-prediction LDPC realizes both 7-times faster read and high reliability. Errors are most efficiently corrected by calibrating memory data based on the V
_TH
, inter-cell coupling, write/erase cycles and data-retention time. The error-recovery scheme with a program-disturb error-recovery pulse and a data-retention error-recovery pulse is also proposed to reduce the program-disturb error and the data-retention error by 76% and 56%, respectively.