Tutorial 20: flow meters: part 2 - Part 20 in a series of tutorials in instrumentation and measurement

Tutorial 18, "Flow Meters: Part 1", covered the basic concepts of flow meters, explained the working principles of volumetric and mass flow meters, presented error compensation techniques, and included a brief explanation of smart flow meters. In the second part of this tutorial, I explain the primary working principles, advantages, and disadvantages of the following four types of inferential flow meters: differential pressure, variable area, target, and velocity flow. I present some experimental results from a linearization technique using a nonlinear A/D converter (ADC) to linearize a differential flow meter's square-root characteristic.