Phase-transition temperatures and piezoelectric properties of (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3- (Bi1/2Li1/2)TiO3-(Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 lead-free ferroelectric ceramics

The phase-transition temperatures and piezoelectric properties of x(Bi
_1/2
Na
_1/2
)TiO
_3-y
(Bi
_1/2
Li
_1/2
)TiO
_3-z
(Bi
_1/2
K
_1/2
)TiO
₃
[x + y + z = 1] (abbreviated as BNLKT100y-100z) ceramics were investigated. These ceramics were prepared using a conventional ceramic fabrication process. The phase-transition temperatures such as depolarization temperatures T
_d
, rhombohedral-tetragonal phase transition temperature T
_R-T
, and dielectric-maximum temperature T
_m
were determined using electrical measurements such as dielectric and piezoelectric properties. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns of BNLKT100y-100z show the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) between rhombohedral and tetragonal at approximately z = 0.20, and the piezoelectric properties show the maximum at the MPB. The electromechanical coupling factor &33, piezoelectric constant d
₃₃
and T
_d
of BNLKT4-20 and BNLKT8-20 were 0.603, 176 pC/N, and 171degC, and 0.590, 190 pC/N, and 115degC, respectively. In addition, the relationship between d
₃₃
and T
_d
of tetragonal side and rhombohedral side for BNLKT4-100z and BNLKT8-100z were presented. Considering both high T
_d
and high d
₃₃
, the tetragonal side of BNLKT4-100z is thought to be the superior composition. The d
₃₃
and T
_d
of BNLKT4-28 were 135 pC/N and 218degC, respectively. Moreover, this study revealed that the variation of Td is related to the variation of lattice distortion such as rhombohedrality 90-alpha and tetragonality c/a.