A Hybrid Finite Difference Frequency Domain and Particle Swarm Optimization Techniques for Forward and Inverse Electromagnetic Scattering Problems

Finite-difference frequency domain (FDFD) is formulated to calculate the scattered field from superquadric dielectric cylinder. A hybrid technique from FDFD and particle swarm optimization technique (PSO) is used to reconstruct both the shape and the relative permittivity of a homogenous dielectric cylinder. The dielectric constants of materials in the solid, liquid, or in the paste forms are considered.