Spatial and Time-Resolved Quantification of Plasma-Derived Reactive Species in Liquid Water

Understanding the transport of plasma-derived reactive species is crucial for effective plasma-based liquid activation applications such as cancer treatment and water purification. A 2-D plasma-in-liquid apparatus along with chemical probes and various imaging methods were previously used to study the plasma-liquid interface region.1,2 Surface tension-induced Marangoni flow was modeled in a 1-D geometry and the flow speeds calculated were found to be similar to those observed in experiments.2 While propagation of acidic fronts and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) in bulk liquid were also imaged and measured
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, their constituents' concentrations were not quantified.