12.5 Mb/mm2 embedded MRAM for high density non-volatile RAM applications

We demonstrate 28-nm embedded MRAM (eMRAM) macro for non-volatile RAM (nvRAM) applications, featuring macro density of 12.5 Mb/mm2, write speed < 100 ns, 10-yrs retention at 125 °C, and endurance > 1E9 cycles. This is the smallest 28-nm nvRAM-type eMRAM macro reported to date and provides ~2× area saving compared to SRAM while providing native non-volatility and low stand-by power.