Demonstrating the Effect of Excitation Cross Coupling and Communication Time Delays on Automatic Generation Control

This paper spotlights the impact of communication time delays (CTDs) and excitation cross coupling or automatic voltage regulator (AVR) on load frequency control (LFC) of two-area system having hybrid generation sources. The considered multi-area system incorporates the renewable energy integration with traditional power generation units. Proportional (P)-Integral (I)- Derivative (D) is opted as secondary regulator, whose optimal gains are retrieved with an hybrid algorithm named as differential evolution- artificial electric field (DE-AEFA) based on error square over integral (ISE) objective function. The DE-AEFA algorithm performance is compared with performance of individual algorithms. Simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of proposed algorithm.