A review on analytical methods for multilevel simulation of urban light electric vehicles

The general goal of the paper is to highlight several approaches by means of simulation models for the main assemblies of an urban electric vehicle (EV). These assemblies of interest are: the supply, exemplified by Li-Ion batteries, the power electronics in which the main components are the MOSFET power transistors and the propulsion motor, exemplified by the permanent magnet synchronous machines. After a survey of the actual status of research in the field of modelling each of this assemblies, the authors concluded on the main architectures considering to reach high precision while their implementation, testing and understanding does not require cutting edge skills. For each assembly the models will be described both from mathematical and physical perspectives, proving with simulated results their operational skills and performances. It is important to mention that one mandatory criterion when choosing the models was to be able to run them directly on real-time processors, nowadays being mandatory for users to be able to perform hardware in the loop (HiL) testing.