Evaluating the Vehicle-to-grid Potentials by Electric Vehicles: A Quantitative Study in China by 2030

This paper investigates to what extent the charging demand of electric vehicles (EVs) can be scheduled in China by 2030. A general framework is proposed to this evaluation with different vehicle-to-grid (V2G) modes. Multiple characteristics from users, EVs, and charging equipment, are explored based on real-world data in China. A case with SO million EVs shows that about 7.7% of the electricity consumption of China by 2030 will be contributed by electrification of road transportation. Uncoordinated charging may raise the peak load by 12% to 1,345 GW, comparing with no EVs. With the objective of load flattening, the peak load decreases to 1,236 GW and 1,210 GW by unidirectional V2G and bidirectional V2G, respectively. The valley to peak ratio of these cases rises from 0.815 to 0.923 and 0.967, respectively. Quantitatively evaluating the theoretical V2G potentials helps to assess the value of deploying EVs and V2G for the power system.