Millimeter-wave attenuation due to fog and clouds

Millimeter wave applications are becoming increasingly considered and exploited in order to satisfy the demand for new communications systems, active and passive remote sensing, etc. Fog may be one of the dominant factors in determining the reliability of millimeter wave systems, especially in coastal areas where dense moist fog with high liquid water content and larger drop size happen frequently. Clouds are similar to fog, the attenuation due to clouds may be a factor of importance especially for microwave systems well above 10 GHz or low-availability systems.